Argentine Antarctica.- The threat of bird flu has arrived on the doorstep of Antarctica, a remote and fragile region where life and scientific research are governed by strict international protocols. Highly pathogenic avian influenza strains, specifically H5N1 of genetic clade 2.3.4.4b, have already affected birds and mammals in the Southern Cone, including Uruguay, and there are now concerns it may reach the Antarctic continent.
The Antarctic continent is a place of extremes, both in terms of climate and international regulations. Thanks to the Antarctic Treaty, signed in 1959 and valid until 2048, countries with bases in Antarctica must conduct scientific research, engage in international cooperation and avoid non-peaceful activities. This means that planning for Antarctic operations is meticulous and requires rigorous logistics. The research team had to bring everything they needed with them because they were unable to purchase supplies on site.
The situation is further complicated by the arrival of avian influenza in South America. Although it has not reached Antarctica so far, reports indicate that its arrival is likely due to its spread across southern South America. Since October 2021, the world has faced an unprecedented global animal disease caused by this avian influenza virus, affecting millions of birds in all regions. As of August 2023, Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica are the only countries without area of the virus.
spread
The virus started in Canada in 2021 and spread across the Atlantic to the United States in 2022. This subsequently severely affected wildlife in the Northern Hemisphere. In October 2022, it reached Central America and continued to expand throughout South America, finally reaching Uruguay in February 2023. This puts the next Antarctic scientific expedition at risk, as avian influenza is expected to reach the White Continent in the southern summer of 2023/24.
The virus spreads among seabirds and marine mammals, with high mortality rates in species such as pelicans, boobies, cormorants, penguins and South American sea lions. Transmission through feces and respiratory secretions suggests multiple routes of infection. Birds and mammals that nest in dense colonies and have migratory habits are particularly vulnerable.
How do I get to Antarctica?
In Antarctica, avian influenza can be spread by birds such as gulls, brown skuas, southern giant petrels and white beetles, and even by pinnipeds such as Antarctic fur seals, southern elephant seals and leopard seals. The subantarctic islands between the southern tip of South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, especially the Falkland Islands, are most vulnerable to the virus.
Against this background, the Uruguay Antarctic Institute (IAU) is taking measures to combat this threat. A working group has been established to develop operational protocols to minimize risks to personnel in Antarctica. Safety is paramount as any medical complications in this remote area can be serious.
Despite these additional challenges, scientific activities in Antarctica continue. Biosecurity measures such as the use of N95 masks, goggles and rigorous disinfection are being implemented to protect staff and local wildlife. Scientists are prepared to respond to avian influenza and contribute to global knowledge about the pandemic, although decisions must still be made about how to respond in the event of an outbreak.
Avian influenza is a new challenge for Antarctic research, but scientists are committed to overcoming it and continuing their work in this unique and valuable environment.