Every July 27th is World Head and Neck Cancer Day, a cancer that affects the squamous cells on the mucous surface of the head and neck. The different aspects of this disorder are explored below, from its causes to symptoms, treatments, and recovery options available.
This type of cancer can affect different areas such as the mouth, pharynx, larynx, paranasal sinuses, and salivary glands. It is called squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Types and locations of head and neck cancer
Head and neck cancers can form in different parts of the body, such as the mouth, throat (pharynx), larynx (larynx), sinus and nasal cavities, and salivary glands. Each location has its specific characteristics and symptoms.
Oral: This includes the lips, tongue, gums, the inside of the cheeks, the roof of the mouth, and the gum area behind the wisdom teeth.
Throat (pharynx): It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.
Larynx (speech organ): Contains vocal cords and epiglottis.
Sinuses and Nasal Cavities: A cavity in the bones of the head around the nose.
Salivary glands: They are divided into large parts and small parts, distributed in different positions of the mouth and neck.
Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer
Symptoms of head and neck cancer can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but some of the most common symptoms include a lump in the neck, pain in the mouth or throat that doesn’t heal, persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and voice changes.
In the oral cavity, white or red lesions on the gums, tongue, or buccal mucosa; nodules or inflammation in the maxilla, causing denture malfit or discomfort; and abnormal oral bleeding or pain.
In the throat (pharynx), pain when swallowing; persistent pain in the neck or throat; ear pain or ringing in the ears; or trouble hearing.
In the larynx (voice organ), difficulty breathing or speaking; pain when swallowing or ear pain.
In the paranasal sinuses and nasal passages, unrelieved sinus congestion; chronic sinusitis (sinus infection) that does not respond to antibiotic treatment; nosebleeds; frequent headaches; inflammation or other eye problems; pain in the upper teeth; or wearing dentures difficulty.
Swelling may be observed in the salivary glands, under the jaw or around the jawbone; numbness or paralysis of facial muscles; or persistent pain in the face, jaw, or neck.
Causes and risk factors for head and neck cancer
Alcohol consumption and smoking, including secondhand smoke, are major risk factors for head and neck cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has also been linked to oropharyngeal cancer. Other risk factors include consumption of chewed betel nuts, occupational exposure to certain materials, and radiation to the head and neck.
Frequency, prevalence and treatment of this type of cancer
Head and neck cancers account for about 4 percent of all cancers in the United States. It is more common in men than women and is most common in people over the age of 50. By 2021, more than 68,000 men and women in the United States are expected to be diagnosed with this type of cancer.
Your treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these treatments. Treatment plans depend on several factors, such as the location and stage of the cancer, and the patient’s general health.
Findings suggest that individuals affected by human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal tumors have significantly better outcomes and higher response rates than patients with unrelated tumors who receive the same treatment regimen. To this end, clinical trials have been launched to investigate whether patients with cancers caused by HPV could benefit from less aggressive treatments such as immunotherapy or less intense radiation therapy.
Treatment may have side effects, such as difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking. Changes in appearance, neck swelling and stiffness, and problems with salivation and taste may also occur.
Patient Recovery and Support
Rehabilitation is an important part of the healing process. It may include physical therapy, nutritional counseling, speech therapy, and learning how to care for a stoma in laryngectomy cases. Reconstructive surgery or the use of dentures may also be necessary to restore functions such as swallowing and speech.
After treatment, it is important to receive regular follow-up care to detect recurrence or progression of the second primary cancer. This includes a physical exam, imaging tests, and blood tests. In addition, advice and support for quitting smoking can be provided, as quitting smoking increases the risk of recurrence and the development of new cancers.
Reduce the risk of second primary cancers
People who have been treated for head and neck cancer have a higher risk of developing a second primary cancer in the same area or at other nearby sites. To reduce this risk, it is recommended to adopt healthy lifestyle habits. Also, it is important to follow follow-up care guidelines and have regular checkups.