Infectious diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans are called zoonotic diseases or zoonoses. Up to 70 companion animal pathogens can be transmitted to humans. Studies have shown that the rate of infection of humans from companion animals is low, although the true number may be an underestimate.
Dogs and cats are important hosts of zoonotic infections (meaning that the pathogen is naturally present in their populations) caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In endemic areas of Africa and Asia, dogs are the main source of rabies, which is transmitted through saliva.
Dogs also often carry bacteria in their mouths and saliva that can be transmitted to humans through close contact or bites. The vast majority of people will not get sick, but these bacteria can occasionally cause infections in people with weakened immune systems, So vulnerable groups should be especially careful.
Zoonotic diseases associated with cats include many diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route, such as giardiasis, salmonellosis, and toxoplasmosis. This means it is especially important to wash your hands or wear gloves every time you handle your cat’s litter box. Cats also sometimes spread infections through bites and scratches.
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But it’s not just dogs and cats that can transmit diseases to humans. Pet birds can occasionally spread psittacosis, a bacterial infection that causes pneumonia. Contact with pet turtles has been linked to Salmonella infections in humans, especially young children. Even house fish have been linked to a variety of bacterial infections in humans.
Tips for Avoiding Infection with Animals
- Wash hands after handling pets, handling their bedding, toys, or cleaning up their droppings.
- Don’t let pets lick your face or open wounds.
- Wear gloves when changing litter trays or cleaning the aquarium.
- Wet cage surfaces when cleaning to minimize aerosols.
- Keep pets away from the kitchen (especially cats who may jump on food preparation surfaces).
- Maintain preventive veterinary care, including vaccinations and worm and tick treatments.